HSK 5 grammar · new HSK syllabus
凭, 据, 依据: based on, according to
凭 = on the strength of; 据说 = it is said; 依据 = based on (formal).
Structure
- 凭 + basis
- 据 + source + 说 / 报道
- 依据 + rule / data
How it works
凭 shows what something relies on: 凭票进入 = entry by ticket; 他凭自己的能力找到了工作.
据 introduces a source: 据说 it is said, 据报道 according to reports.
依据 is formal “based on”: 依据规定 according to the rules.
Examples
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他凭自己的努力考上了大学。
He got into university through his own effort.
-
这次活动凭票进入。
Entry to this event is by ticket only.
-
据说这家饭馆已经有一百年的历史了。
It’s said this restaurant is a hundred years old.
-
据调查，大部分人每天使用手机超过五个小时。
According to a survey, most people use their phones for more than five hours a day.
-
我们应该依据事实做判断。
We should judge based on facts.
Words in these examples (42)
| 他 | tā | he; him | HSK 1 |
| 凭 | píng | to lean on; to lean against; to rely on; to depend on; evidence; proof | HSK 5 |
| 自己 | zìjǐ | oneself | HSK 2 |
| 的 | de | (particle linking a describer to a noun, like "'s") | HSK 1 |
| 努力 | nǔlì | to try hard; hard-working | HSK 3 |
| 考 | kǎo | to take a test | HSK 2 |
| 上 | shàng | up; on; above; to go up; to get on; previous | HSK 1 |
| 了 | le | (particle marking a completed action or a change) | HSK 1 |
| 大学 | dàxué | university | HSK 1 |
| 这 | zhè | this | HSK 1 |
| 次 | cì | time (occurrence), as in 三次 "three times" | HSK 2 |
| 活动 | huódòng | activity; event | HSK 4 |
| 票 | piào | ticket | HSK 2 |
| 进入 | jìnrù | to enter | HSK 4 |
| 据说 | jùshuō | it is said that; reportedly | HSK 5 |
| 家 | jiā | home; family; (measure word for shops and companies) | HSK 1 |
| 饭馆 | fànguǎn | restaurant | HSK 2 |
| 已经 | yǐjīng | already | HSK 2 |
| 有 | yǒu | to have; there is | HSK 1 |
| 一 | yī | one | HSK 1 |
| 百 | bǎi | hundred | HSK 1 |
| 年 | nián | year | HSK 1 |
| 历史 | lìshǐ | history | HSK 3 |
| 据 | jù | according to; to act in accordance with; to depend on | HSK 5 |
| 调查 | diàochá | to investigate; survey | HSK 4 |
| 大 | dà | big; large; old (age) | HSK 1 |
| 部分 | bùfen | part | HSK 4 |
| 人 | rén | person; people | HSK 1 |
| 每 | měi | every; each | HSK 2 |
| 天 | tiān | day; sky | HSK 1 |
| 使用 | shǐyòng | to use | HSK 4 |
| 手机 | shǒujī | mobile phone | HSK 1 |
| 超过 | chāoguò | to exceed; to overtake | HSK 4 |
| 五 | wǔ | five | HSK 1 |
| 个 | gè | (general measure word) | HSK 1 |
| 小时 | xiǎoshí | hour | HSK 1 |
| 我们 | wǒmen | we; us | HSK 1 |
| 应该 | yīnggāi | should | HSK 3 |
| 依据 | yījù | according to; basis; foundation | HSK 5 |
| 事实 | shìshí | fact | HSK 5 |
| 做 | zuò | to do; to make | HSK 1 |
| 判断 | pànduàn | to judge; judgement | HSK 4 |
Common mistakes
-
✗据我说…
✓据说… / 我认为…
据 introduces another source, not your own view.
-
✗他凭努力了考上大学。
✓他凭努力考上了大学。
凭 + basis comes before the verb, and 了 follows the verb.
Check yourself
Choose the word that fills the gap.
1. 说他下个月要结婚了。
2. 他 经验解决了这个问题。
3. 天气预报，明天有雨。